The greatest profits in cashew production are obtained when the planting is done with grafted seedlings of clones of the precocious dwarf cashew tree. The trees have a large canopy, always covered with leaves, which, consequently, serve to produce shade (Pimentel et al. Despite the rusticity of the cashew, its orchard does not dispense with the use of fertilizers and other inputs to be competitive. Low temperatures adversely affect the flowering and fruiting of the cashew tree, which is known for its drought tolerance (Lim 2012). The average annual temperature should be around 27 ☌, with limits between 22 and 32 ☌. The plant requires heat for its development, being very sensitive to the cold and frost. The cashew tree is a halophile (which is salt-loving), and is well adapted to the humid and dry tropical climate. Flowers are abundant during the months of June until September and fruiting is from November, and can extend until the month of January (Lorenzi 2004). The production is stabilized in the 8th year of the plant, which lives on average 35 years. The first flowering takes place between the 3rd and 5th year of life. The common cashew tree totally loses its leaves during the year, adapted to the growth in full sun, with clear preference for sandy and well drained soils, that is, it is a perennial plant. This denomination was given by Lineu and it was included in the Anacardiaceae family, genus Anacardium and species occidentale Linn) being the only one cultivated on a commercial scale in the world and the most important of all species of the genus (Medina et al. The common cashew belongs to the species A. occidentale L.), only the pseudofruit or cashew apple presents different size and acidity (Tassara 1996). In these latter cases, the chestnut presents the same characteristics and uses of the common cashew tree ( A. They can vary from large, Amazonian trees, reaching up to 40 m in height and presenting fleshy pseudofruit or cashew apple that is little developed ( Anacardium giganteum), to arboreal forms of medium size, not exceeding 4 m in height ( Anacardium othonianum), and trees which are no taller than 80 cm ( Anacardium humile) (Abdul and Peter 2010). 2006).Ĭashew trees have many diverse characteristics. The word “ Anacardium” is of Greek origin and means “inverted heart” (aná: over cárdia: heart) in allusion to the fruit shape (Mothé et al. There are more than sixty genera and four hundred species related to the genus Anacardium, which produce similar and also edible fruits, all of natural occurrence in Brazil (Moreira 2002 Brizicky 1962 Khosla et al. The cashew tree or Anacardium occidentale belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, characterized by tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs that have branches always provided with channels that produce resin and altered leaves. Thus, the present study mapped the potentiality of applications of the various parts of the cashew, which allows adding value to the cashew agribusiness. After the analysis of patents and scientific papers, it was possible to note that the cashew tree is a tree of multiple uses that can contribute in several industry sectors. It was possible to identify 2376 patent applications and 586 scientific publications on cashew nuts and cashew apple together. The present work carries out a technological prospection in databases of patents and scientific papers mapping the applications of cashew nuts and cashew apple. Cashew production is potentially an important value for small farmers in emerging countries and there is an immense potential for cashew by-product exploitation that can add value to cashew agribusiness. The cashew market is expected to remain strong due to high production growth in some areas, such as West Africa. The world production of cashew nuts reached 4.89 million tons in 2016, with Vietnam being the largest producer of nuts. The cashew tree or Anacardium occidentale, a tropical tree native from Brazil, was introduced to Asia and Africa by European explorers in the sixteenth century.
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